星期日, 9月 05, 2010

1964~2012年奧運的icon設計

Tokyo 1964

The first systematically designed set of pictograms for both sports and services was created for the Games in Tokyo in 1964 by Masasa Katzumie as artistic director and Yoshiro Yamashita as graphic designer.
1964 Tokyo Pictograms
1964
The Tokyo project included the design of 20 pictograms for the different sports and a further 39 general information pictograms.
Tokyo pictograms

Mexico City 1968

Artistic directors: Manuel Villazon,   Mathias Goerlitz
Graphic designers: Lance Wyman,   Eduardo Terrazas
1968 Mexico Pictograms

Munich 1972 & Montreal 1976

The pictograms used in Munich, created by the Director of the Higher Institute of Graphic Arts in Ulm, Otl Aicher.
1972 Munich Pictograms

Moscow 1980

On the OCOG-80`s request, graduates from several art colleges took up the design of the pictographs of the insignia as the theme of their dissertations. With the help of the resachr institute of industrial aesthetics, the Organizing Committee chose the work submitted by Nikolai Belkow, Mukhina Art School graduate from Leningrad.
1980 Moscow
The State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries under the USSR Council of Ministers recognised the new design as a production pattern.
Though highly stylised, the new signs are easily comprehensible. They are smoother in outline because they are constructed at an angle of 30 `- 60 `(previously the angle was  45` – 90`).
Mosccow pictogram

Los Angeles 1984

Designers: Keith Bright and Associates.
Six criteria were isolated as essential to a successful pictogram:
  • Clear communication; pictograms, by themselves, should be recognizable by people of other nations.
  • Consistency; the pictograms should be identifiable as a set, through uniform treatment of scale, style and subject.
  • Legibility and practicality; they should be highly visible, easy to reproduce in any scale and in positive or negative form.
  • Flexibility; the pictograms should not be dependent upon a border and should work equally well in a positive or negative form.
  • Design distinction; the pictograms should avoid stylistic fads or a commercial appearance and should imply to a worldwide audience that Los Angeles has a sophisticated, creative culture.
  • Compatibility; they should be attractive when used with their Los Angeles Olympic design elements and typestyles.
1984 Los Angeles Pictograms

Seoul 1988

The sports pictograms used for 1988 Seoul Olympics were distinguishable from the past Games by the division of the composition into trunk, arms, legs and head. The connecting parts for arms and legs were treated in a simple and clear fashion but resembling as close to the composition of human frame as possible. Sports pictograms were also utilized as elements of expression in various public relations and printed materials, including decoration, admission tickets for each sport and posters.
1988 Seoul Pictograms

Barcelona 1992

The person in overall charge of the visual style of those Games was the great designer Otl Aicher, under whose direction a series of sports and services pictograms were created from a basic geometric formula. In Barcelona, though the Munich shapes were still used as a starting point, the break in style was more audacious, as the geometric formula was abandoned in favour of the characteristic line of the emblem created by Josep. M. Trias and its representational simplification of the human body in three parts (head, arms and legs) was also adopted.
1992 Barcelona Pictograms

Atlanta 1996

For the Atlanta Games, 84 pictograms were used—31 sports and 53 service pictograms—as well as 7 zone code and 5 transportation code symbols.
1996 Atlanta Pictograms

Sydney 2000

The pictograms specially designed for the Sydney Olympic Games were used as a directional aid to spectators, athletes and officials during the days of competition in 2000.
2000 Sydney Pictograms
Here is an interesting case study “Look and image” on The branding of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.

Athens 2004

The ATHENS 2004 Sport pictograms were inspired by three elements of ancient Greek civilization. The simplicity of the human form is inspired by the Cycladic figurines. The Artistic expression of the Pictogram derives from the black-figure vases, where solid black shapes represent the human body and a single line defines the detailing of the form.
2004 Athens Pictograms

Beijing 2008

For the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the creative team designed simple but aesthetic patterns, based on Jingwen, the script found on 2,000-year-old bronze carvings to represent 35 different Olympic sports and 20 Paralympic sports displayed in “pictograms”. Here is a fantastic interview with Min Wang, design director for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
2008 Beijing Pictograms
Inscriptions and Pictograms

London 2012

Designed by Someone, the London Olympic Pictograms will be used on merchandise, way-finding signs, tickets, and other official print material for the 2012 games. Someone has provide two versions, a simple black and white and a more colorful option inspired by the London Underground map.
2012 london pictograms
2012 london b&w
pictograms london

星期三, 8月 25, 2010

【媒體】數位迷思 內容為王?

本篇文章完整閱讀 0 e元
作者 : 李學文更新時間 : 2010/08/23 18:42:59
【數位媒體新趨勢】新舊媒體交替的時代,什麼樣的經營思維才能勝出?內容真的為王嗎?
 
圖/jbracken@flickr
(Brain.com 2010-08-23)Change is the very king—不斷改變面貌才是數位媒體最好的生存之道。

內容,到底是不是數位產業的真正核心?這些年來,這個問題一直困擾著相關從業人員,它既與背後的創作熱情息息相關,同時也關乎觀眾的收視品質,值得進一步觀察。這裡可能要先講兩個有趣的小故事。

新舊媒體 大洗牌?

第一個小故事,先讓我們以美國為例,回顧一下美國傳播史!做為內容最早的載體,報紙曾經是美國人生活所不可或缺的媒體。但是自從廣播這個「新媒體」問世後,當時有許多人擔心,透過無線廣播接收新聞訊息的新技術,將會導致舊媒體(報紙)的滅亡。

當電視誕生後,又有人擔心這種迷人的影像新聞「新媒體」,將使得只有聲音傳播的廣播業「媒體」前景暗淡。但事實證明,那些迷思都是「多慮」。即便「新媒體」已出現了數十年之久,所有舊媒體至今全都依舊健在。甚至在不景氣的年代,廣播這一個「舊媒體」的廣告收入,反而因為價格相對比起來較為實惠,而逆勢上揚。


新舊交替?新舊媒體的轉換似乎只是「更新」,並未真正取代,譬如以報紙、廣播、無線電視到有線電視演進的媒體進程,在網路時代是否真的會被一網打盡?還值得觀察。
(圖/李學文提供)


近日由於「數位化」成為顯學,新媒體一詞再度盛行,仔細想來,它是不是有點兒像是過去那個年代所感受到的新興科技?廣播、電視相對於報紙而言,不也都是新媒體!?這一次的新媒體是否與以往不同,將徹底消滅諸如報紙,廣播,電視等舊媒體呢?值得進一步探究。接著,我們趕快來看看第二個故事。

內容稱王 大破壞?

讀者們或許知道,約20年前,美國三大無線電視網ABC、NBC、CBS,有點像是我們的台視、中視、華視等老三台,提供每日晚間黃金時段(PRIME TIME)30分鐘新聞。但可能沒什麼人知道,這個黃金時段的播出人力要雇用多少人,答案是2,000人。

後來出現一個傢伙叫泰德.透納(Ted Turner),創辦了一個叫CNN(Cable news network)的有線電視新聞網,大家知道他的新聞網,24小時播送最即時的資訊。但是花費的人力,卻只要「老三台」的一半,也就是1,000人!我們來做個簡單的比較:一個24小時不斷線播送最即時新聞的媒體,只用1,000人;而一個僅提供半小時新聞的無線電視新聞,卻要用2,000人。這樣一來,削減人力似乎是美國「老三台」不得不走的路了。


CNN風暴?泰德‧透納創辦的CNN有線電視新聞網,一度橫掃了美國的媒體圈,他的致勝策略在於「改變」,不墨守舊的經營思維。【圖片來源

是無線電視專業新聞人才、經營能力、品牌不如CNN嗎?恐不盡然,真正的關鍵,在於透納改變了電視新聞的定義,改變了電視媒體的遊戲規則,改變了電視新聞經營模式與策略。但最重要的,是因此改變了全球的電視新聞史。在當時,甚麼叫數位媒體?甚麼是數位匯流?跨平台經營?恐怕還少有人聞問哩。


老兵凋零?ABC等美國老三台,受到CNN的強烈衝擊,於是削減人力成本的支出,是第一考量。然而活下去的關鍵因素,則在於改變舊模式,迎接新思維。【圖片來源
迎新棄舊 大時代?

以上的兩個小故事,說明了關於「內容」的重點。第一、「新技術」未必一定較有優勢,否則今天我們應該看不到報紙,也聽不到廣播!然而,這只是舊媒體時代的情況嗎?
相信對內容產業有所涉入的人都知道,以全球而言,真正在內容產業賺錢的畢竟還算是少數。近年來,三網合一、四網合一、多元服務……,在全球已然風起雲湧。甚至逐漸改變了電信、電視、網路等產業的生態。由於其「一魚多吃」(produce once,apply to many)的特性,使得原先對內容價值(或價格)感到懷疑的一些「內容提供者」(content provider),又因為新興數位技術而重新懷抱起新的幻想。

然而,情況真的有改善嗎?事實上,就目前看來以跨平台內容經營策略而成功的例子極少,內容產業典範移轉牛步化,使得內容經營困境雪上加霜。說得更直接一點,「數位化」對內容產業而言,幾乎可以用「成事不足,敗事有餘」八字來形容。

同時,自從網際網路開始提供Web TV服務之後,到底是「電視會消滅網路視訊?」,還是「網路視訊最終會把電視併掉?」的爭論,似乎便未曾稍歇!但是仔細想想,這樣迷惑的情況,過去是不是也曾經發生過?但結果呢?根據尼爾森Three Screen,在2009年第四季的季報研究資料顯示:「美國人增加了跨平台媒體使用,增幅達35%……。報告中顯示有6成的消費者,在看電視的同時也會上網……。當然,台灣的消費者也有類似的情況。

過去擔心用網路和手機觀賞影片,會蠶食傳統收看電視的觀眾。但事實上,電視整體的收視率還是穩定的。最新的案例也告訴我們,新媒體:不論是Web TV、Web 2.0 TV還是網路電視,依舊沒有撼動舊媒體……。換句換說,電視是電視,網路是網路,所謂的 「電視已死」的論點,原來也只是新媒體自我造勢的一種「廣告文案」而已。以上所提的案例,也正是持科技決定論觀點的人,所不能解釋的情況。值得我們身處於數位科技時代的媒體從業人員細細思考。

「改變」稱王 大扭轉

再來,我們要回過頭來檢視,為什麼「內容未必為王」?或是應該這麼說,內容成為王之前,是有一些其他的重要條件,必需先被滿足。否則以美國三大新聞網悠久的歷史,再加上其新聞內容的品質,理論上不應該輸給CNN。那麼,答案是甚麼呢?對了,就是「改變」——改變企業經營模式、改變內容經營的思考,改變內容經營的策略。

譬如城邦集團的何飛鵬,在某雜誌專文〈內容及服務〉中提到:「台灣的聯合報系,內容不賺錢,但活動大有可為(各種展覽、表演),也獲利可觀……。」沒錯,許多媒體人經常在自問,如何讓我們的影音節目更值錢,如何讓我們的平面內容賣得更好,數位時代來臨,一直保持那樣的傳統思維是行不通的。

可以肯定的是,聯合報沒有內容是不會有品牌的,沒有品牌也無法辦活動。但很現實的問題在於,聯合報的報紙本身雖不賺錢,但經營者也不僅僅在「報紙賺不賺錢」鑽牛角尖,而是從「內容延伸服務」去著手。聯合報把經營眼光挪到CaaS(Content as a Service),把「好的服務」和「好的內容」放在同一個天平上。以好的服務,來賺取匯流經濟中的Pocket economy,那才是能夠突顯內容價值、價格的「王道」。在此,我願意用下面一句話,來和大家一起「動腦」——Change is the king,not content alone!


李學文為跨資訊與傳播領域之數位匯流內容製作人、Facebook電視達康論壇主持人,目前為《動腦》專欄作者,歡迎聯絡cppat1114@gmail.com(facebook同一帳號)。

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